Brandi Reynolds, CAMS-Audit
Introduction
Cryptocurrency markets have grown significantly in the past decade. Today, there are numerous exchanges in which cryptocurrency is being traded. Consequently, it has become more difficult to regulate these markets, which has given rise to a number of risk factors, including money laundering and financial crimes.
Regulators have noticed a significant increase in the amount of cryptocurrency companies that are often broken into the following sectors: exchanges, wallets, payments, and mining. Cryptocurrency has become a booming market, with values rising over hundreds of billions of dollars. A number of initial coin offerings, known as “ICOs”, which are used to raise money for startups by issuing tokens or coins, have recently gained popularity.
As demand for cryptocurrency grows, global regulators are divided on how to move forward. Cryptocurrencies are not backed by any central government meaning each country has different standards and regulations. Additionally, extreme price fluctuation, perceived anonymity, and lack of security against hacking, causes global regulators to remain skeptical of the industry.
U.S. Regulatory Oversight
The United States handles the second largest volume of bitcoin, roughly 26 percent, according to Cryptocompare. Regulators have taken a watchful approach toward “cryptocurrency money transmitters”. Recently, the United States Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) launched an international taskforce together with tax enforcement authorities from four other countries to take on cryptocurrency-enabled crimes. The new coalition, labeled “The Joint Chiefs of Global Tax Enforcement,” or “J5”, comprises tax enforcement agencies from five countries in total (Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, alongside the U.S.)
Cryptocurrency exchangers and administrators have been subject to the Bank Secrecy Act’s (“BSA”) money transmitter requirements since 2011.1 In 2013, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”) clarified this by issuing guidance that virtual currency exchangers and administrators are money transmitters and must comply with the BSA and its implementing regulations.2
Additionally, The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) has issued investor alerts to warn against potential fraudulent investment schemes. The Securities and Exchange Commission has indicated it views cryptocurrency as a security. The agency expanded its scrutiny indicating it is looking to apply securities laws to everything from cryptocurrency exchanges to digital asset storage companies known as wallets.3
Most states have yet to consider legislation on cryptocurrency; however, a number of states require a Money Transmitters license. As cryptocurrency technology continues to emerge, the amount of new legislative sought to address the technology will continue to increase. States implementing these regulations are the foundation for cryptocurrency regulation.
Summary
Cryptocurrency Money Transmitters must embrace compliance and implement sound controls which align with federal and state regulatory requirements. Legal and compliance professionals can support the ever-changing licensing and compliance needs of Cryptocurrency Money Transmitter.
1 Amendments to Bank Secrecy Act Regulations; Definitions and Other Regulations Relating to Money Services Businesses, 76 FR No. 140, (Jul 21, 2011).
2 The BSA is codified at 12 U.S.C. §§ 1829b, 1951-1959 and 31 U.S.C. §§ 5311-5314, 5316-5332. Regulations implementing the BSA currently appear at 31 C.F.R. Chapter X.
3 https://www.sec.gov/oiea/investor-alerts-and-bulletins/ib_coinofferings
